Motivation A man's work output depends upon his motives. Performance of jobs calling for constant alertness during long periods of work depends more upon the attitude of the worker toward the task than length of time he has been working, the amount of sleep lost, or his subjective feeling of fatigue. There are two basic groups of motives: (a) the physiological needs such as hunger and thirst; (b) personal and social needs that are chiefly concerned with a desire to achieve distinction and to be thought well of by others. The latter group have a more direct bearing on work output and efficiency. As an example, a study was begun on the factors which might affect the work output of a group of women workers. The number of rest periods was increased and production went up. Free lunches also increased production. Several other innovations were introduced into the work routine and production continued to increase. Then the experimenter began backtracking toward the original working conditions. When fewer rest periods were given and the free lunches were eliminated, production still climbed. What the experimenter had discovered was this: Whenever a change was made in the girls' routine, they felt that they were singled out as a special group and that special attention was being paid them. Their increased prestige and feelings of importance motivated them to do more work, regardless of the changes in their working conditions.Incentives, or inducements, that arouse motives are: 1.  Opportunity for advancement   2.  Security   3.  Pay   4.  Supervisor   5.  Hours of work   6.  Group or individual competition   7.  Competition with own record   8.  Knowledge of results   9.  Opportunity to share or identify with task   10.  Praise   Hypnosis has been observed to improve physical performance of strength and endurance events. An explanation for increased performance during the hypnotic state is offered on the basis of removal of inhibitory influences. The effect of attention and encouragement on work output has been studied using an ergograph in which a 12 pound weight was raised and lowered by a rotation of the forearm in rhythm with a metronome. Subjects performed one and one-half times more work when they were observed than when they worked alone. When they were cheered by the observers at the first sign of fatigue, work output increased to two and one-half times that of solitary work. Environmental stimuli such as the competitive situation, the encouragement of the coach and the teammates and the cheering of the spectators strengthen the movements of trained athletes and extend their endurance by raising the threshold of sensitivity to fatigue and by reinforcing nerve impulses to working muscles. These phenomena account for the fact that trained athletes usually perform better in competition than in practice. The performance of untrained athletes may be diminished by the same environmental stimuli which improve the performance of the trained athlete. The novice, in the excitement, loses his sense of pace. Instead of distributing his maximum energy evenly over the distance of the race, he responds to cheering by increasing his speed to such an extent that he approaches exhaustion early in the race. The novice often runs better in practice than in competition. He needs to be especially careful in competition not to allow the excitement of the race and the cheering section to spur him beyond his pace into early exhaustion. When a win is needed the coach selects the seasoned athlete over the inexperienced team member, even though the previous performance of both is similar. The seasoned athlete has a better knowledge of how far he can safely extend himself and, therefore, is more likely to turn in a good performance.		Home Pace Motivation Measures of Endurance Computation of Dietary Requirement Work Efficiency Maximum Steady State Work Inefficiency of Anaerobic Work Estimation of Work Efficiency Efficiency of Grade Climbing Low Economy of Slow Work Maximum Rate of Work Levers of the Body Fatigue and Recovery General Fatigue Symptoms Anxiety State Organic Fatigue Cortical Motor and Sensory Centers Effect of Exercise on Mental Work Visual Fatigue Muscular Fatigue Fatigue Prevention and Recuperation